While a secreted sHLA-E transcript has not yet been documented, there is some support from the western blotting of endothelial cells 39. These sHLA molecules can result from surface shedding, cleavage by metalloproteinases, or secretion via alternative splicing 38. There is an increasing body of evidence linking soluble (s)HLA with downregulated T cell responses 34 and a variety of immune disorders 35, 36, 37. Mamu-AG, the RM ortholog, also shares this extensive alternative splicing 33. In contrast, HLA-G, a separate MHC Class Ib gene, has seven known transcript variants: four membrane-bound and three secreted in soluble form 32. 31, and three additional HLA-E transcript variants predicted using EST and mRNA support. The most recent RefSeq annotations for HLA-E and Mamu-E contain a single transcript with the canonical MHC Class I exon/intron splicing, originally described by Malissen et al. We also recently showed that an Interleukin-15 response signature in whole blood predicts RhCMV/SIV vaccine efficacy 30, but it is still not clear if Mamu-E genetic diversity might also contribute to differences in RhCMV/SIV protection outcome.Įvidence suggests MHC-E expression and function may be regulated by alternative splicing. Furthermore, Mamu-E intracellular transport is now known to be necessary for vaccine efficacy and is driven by the genetic architecture of RhCMV 29. It was later shown that this protection was driven by RM MHC-E (Mamu-E)-restricted peptide antigen recognition by CD8 + T cells 27, 28. In a recent rhesus RhCMV/SIV vaccine study, 55% of RMs were protected from a highly pathogenic strain of SIV 9, 10. Together, these unique characteristics make MHC-E a crucial target for ongoing CMV-based vaccine development 24, 25, 26. Furthermore, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-E, the human MHC-E ortholog, possesses the ability to present both self- and pathogen-derived sequences 21, 22, and its surface expression can be induced by human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) 23. This unconventional role of MHC-E in T-cell immunity is conserved between humans and RMs 20. As a non-classical MHC molecule, MHC-E dually functions in innate and adaptive immunity by interacting with T cells in addition to NK cells 19. Intriguingly, the genetic architecture and polymorphisms of MHC class I and II genes differ significantly among primates 15, posing a challenge for translational interpretation of non-human primate models in general.Īmong primate MHC Class I genes, the MHC-E locus is long considered as the most conserved 16, 17 and is believed to exist without duplication in both RM and human 18. RMs also serve as vaccination models against SARS-CoV-2 11, Mycobacterium tuberculosis 12, 13, and influenza A virus 14. Rhesus macaques (RMs) have been an important nonhuman primate model for the study of many of these human diseases 8 and are critical for pre-clinical trial vaccine development for protection against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) using SIV infection in RMs 9, 10. Assigned with the critical role of distinguishing self from non-self, MHC Class I and II genes contain genetic variations that have been associated with hundreds of autoimmune and infectious diseases in human 5, 6, 7. MHC is constitutively expressed in nearly all nucleated cells and harbors significant genomic complexity 1, 2, 3, 4. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays an essential role in host immune regulation. These genomic resources will facilitate additional MHC-E targeted translational research. Among four groups of Mamu-E alleles: three ~5% divergent full-length allele groups (G1, G2, G2_LTR) and a fourth monomorphic group (G3) with a deletion encompassing the canonical Mamu-E exon 6, the presence of G2_LTR alleles was significantly (p = 0.02) associated with the lack of RhCMV/SIV vaccine protection. The Mamu-E gene was duplicated in 32 (54%) of 59 RM. We also obtained the complete Mamu-E genomic sequences covering the full coding regions of 59 RM from a RhCMV/SIV vaccine study. Using long-read sequencing, we identified 16 Mamu-E isoforms and all Mamu-E splicing junctions were detected among HLA-E isoforms in humans. However, it is unclear how accurately the RM model reflects HLA-E immunobiology in humans. Rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV)-based vaccination against Simian Immunodeficiency virus (SIV) elicits MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cells that stringently control SIV infection in ~55% of vaccinated rhesus macaques (RM).
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Right-click on the deeper content folder and choose Show In -> System Explorer.In the Project Explorer panel, unfold PROJECT.ui.content > src > main > content > jcr_root > content.Then do the same for the PROJECT.ui.content and replace its content folder with the one of your packages: In Eclipse, right-click on the PROJECT.ui.apps project and choose Refresh.Delete the apps and etc folders that you should now see and place here the apps and etc folders of your content package.Right-click on the apps folder and choose Show In > System Explorer.In the Project Explorer panel, unfold PROJECT.ui.apps > src > main > content > jcr_root > apps.Replace the content of your PROJECT.ui.apps project with the apps and etc folders of your package: .launcher and .tests for integration tests.re for Java™ bundles (these become interesting when you want to add Java™ code).PROJECT.ui.content for /content that is authored.PROJECT.ui.apps for /apps and /etc content.You can use the New Project feature to create the right structure for you:įollow the instructions to create a Sample Multi-Module Project and you have the following projects created for you, which permit a healthy separation of concerns: In this case, please follow the procedure describe in Resolving Invalid Project Definition. On a fresh installation (more specifically, when maven dependencies have never been downloaded) you might get the project created with errors. In the File > New > Project menu, browse to the AEM section and select AEM Sample Multi-Module Project. Learn more about the Project Archetype.įollow these steps to create the sample project: It also serves as a best-practice guide to several AEM features. The Experience Manager Developer Tools for Eclipse comes with a sample, multi-module project that helps you quickly get up to speed with a project setup in Eclipse.
Marvel: Ultimate Alliance has all the basics of an RPG that will keep you engaged from the very onset of the game to the end.ĭOWNLOAD Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 9: The 3rd Birthday The superheroes all have special abilities which you can use to critically hurt enemies. But it seems the adventure is just about to start for the super heroes… The super heroes arrive just in time and save the Helicarrier from Doctor Doom and the Masters of Evil. The Marvel superheroes are beckoned for help. The S.H.I.E.LD is facing a serious attack orchestrated by Doctor Doom and the Masters of Evil. The game allows you to choose four marvel superheroes and then rally them to victory against the enemies. Marvel: Ultimate Alliance is an action roleplaying game. Begin your adventure by downloading the game.ĭOWNLOAD Half-Minute Hero 8: Marvel: Ultimate Alliance The missions last for only a few seconds but require a swift and tactical approach to progress past them. The game was developed by Nihon Falcom and published by Ghostlight for PSP. Check out the iso file below.ĭOWNLOAD Crisis Core: Final Fantasy VII 2: The Legend of Heroes: Trails in the SkyĪnother fun to play PSP RPG is – The Legend of Heroes: Trails in the Sky. Crisis Core: FF VII is just one of the best PSP action RPGs. Zack is capable of initiating special attacks from his special abilities and spells. Zack Fair will learn to eliminate attacking monsters and bad elements in the game. On his sojourn for the missing soldier, Zack Fair however discovers Genesis origins and its links to Sephiroth, who turns out to be the game’s antagonist. The player character assumes the role of a paramilitary soldier, Zack Fair, the main protagonist who is on a mission to find the missing soldier – Genesis Rhapsodos. It was released in 2007 as a PSP exclusive game. 1: Crisis Core: Final Fantasy VIIĬrisis Core: Final Fantasy VII is an action role-playing PSP video game, with Square Enix handling the development and publishing duty. You must plan your actions carefully to stay unnoticed and also plan ahead which cards you'd want to keep during the next round, and which you are ready to sacrifice in order to make an efficient move immediately.If you are a fan of RPGs, you can choose any from the list below. Each card represents an action: attacking, moving, etc. It is a turn-based game in which you plan your turns by selecting playing cards that are available in your card deck. "Metal Gear Acid" combines the traditional stealth gameplay with strategy. "Metal Gear Acid" is set in the familiar Metal Gear universe and graphically resembles the PS2 titles of the series, but its gameplay is quite different from that of the other games. Since handing it over to the terrorist is not what the government is planning to do, it sends you, the famous special agent Solid Snake, to rescue the senator and to find out who is really behind the hijacking. You don't know what that something is, but it goes under the code name "Pythagoras". In exchange for the senator, the terrorist want something from the US government. On the board of the plane is senator Hach, an important US politician, who might be the next president of the country. An airplane is hijacked by unknown terrorists. For example, if I had a total of £300,000, I might go with £280,000 instead. If you’re in a lot of debt you can pick a total wage budget lower than that assigned by the board. But don’t exceed the 10% of total wages unless you’re well under budget in your playing squad. I haven’t covered youth players as it depends on the structure of your club. Unless it’s your 20-goals-a-season striker or you can make savings elsewhere, it’s time to sell. If anyone earns more than their squad status dictates, you can’t afford them. I then divide these totals by the number of players in each category to see the maximum weekly wage I can offer a player based upon their squad status. These figures apply to my three main squad status categories outlined above and my youth team respectively. I split whatever weekly wage budget I’ve got into the following segments: 30%-30%-30%-10%. When starting a save, I immediately consult the Finances tab. This is mostly because it helps keep wages from spiralling out of control and also allows you to get a hand on squad management. I’d never considered implementing a wage structure in FM until I read a blog a few years ago and I’ve done it ever since - even if my club isn’t in debt. Learn your squad inside out and adjust some squad statuses to more realistic levels. Can you keep six important players happy? Can you rotate four wingers who all expect to be regular starters? Probably not. There’s also the likelihood you’ll face squad disharmony sooner rather than later. Ideally, I like to have my squad made up as follows: Four Important players, Seven Regular starters, 11 Backups/Squad players.Īny more than the above in each area means you have a bloated squad and are overpaying in wages. My favourite task, and the most important element here is to look at player’s squad status. You can sell these or loan them out if another team is willing to take on the wages. Use the greater visibility provided by the Squad Planner to highlight the deadwood or expendable players. You may have five strikers but only play with one-striker formations. We also don’t always inherit balanced squads. Any extra spaces can be taken up by promising youth-team players who’ll relish the first-team experience when called upon. Unless you’re playing in multiple competitions you don’t need more than 22 players. The first, and most obvious, tip is to look at your first-team squad. This is especially true if your team is in a seriously tricky predicament. It won’t all be plain sailing though you should still follow the steps below. After all, with higher reputation comes better sponsorship deals and higher ticket sales. The resulting prize money, more extravagant fixtures and the boost in reputation from competing in the biggest competitions should help hack away at any debt. Assess the squad and ask yourself the following question: how far from the next level is the club? Is your team close to being able to challenge for promotion or even the European places? If so, then you might not have to do much, other than be a good manager and steer the ship sensibly. If you find yourself in charge of a club with debt problems, the first thing to do is take stock of the situation. Matthew Hallsworth provides eight top tips on how to manage a club in debt without having to sell all your best players. Tackling that debt creates another fun challenge, one faced by many real-life clubs. If you take over a team in debt in Football Manager 2023, don’t panic or throw the save aside and pick another club. Whether it’s top-flight teams splashing the cash or a lower-league team desperate to stay afloat, many clubs are in a difficult place financially. In the current climate, it seems like debt and football go hand in hand. It doesn’t take up much space and once you disable automatic startup won’t use any memory or processor. If you want to leave it alone, it is safe to do so. Leaving the Citrix Receiver installed on your home computer has no known security issues though. It is difficult to comment here as the infrastructure around Citrix is continually developed and updated. Enterprise users may need to pay more attention. As a home user you should be fine to use Citrix Receiver to connect to a vendor or college website and log in. Is Citrix Receiver safe to use?Ĭitrix Receiver is relatively safe but there has been a lot of talk of vulnerabilities over the past few years. Other times you may need to enter a URL or server IP address. Most of the time, the app will be preconfigured to connect to the organizations Xencenter and you will just need to log in. It is difficult to provide an exact walkthrough as Citrix Receiver can be set up in a couple of ways. (Add or remove programs - Citrix Workspace - Uninstall) 4) After a successful uninstall just run the setup and do a full install. Follow, to receive updates on this topic. Upvote if you also have this question or find it interesting. Give the app time to establish a connection. Receiver for Windows 4.x Unable to uninstall Citrix workspace Ask question x.It will be configured to connect directly to the server or remote desktop. Join the organization’s VPN if you’re off-site.Roaming profiles are becoming more important too, which Citrix Receiver helps manage by maintaining all your profile data online and downloading it to whatever machine you’re using at the time. Organizations can better control data, can prevent loss or theft of that data and saves a lot of hassle if a device is lost or stolen. The ability to log onto a server and access your desktop rather than install everything onto the client machine has many benefits. Many universities, healthcare institutions, financial organizations and other enterprises that deal in sensitive data also make use of Citrix. It’s a common package used by many larger corporations and organizations. Some work laptops will use Citrix Receiver to enable you to work from home. There are many other and many better ways of performing remote support but Citrix is still used by some. You can ‘dial in’ to the server and use it remotely as if you were sitting in front of it. To undo the changes: Reinstall Receiver for Windows Import the RegBackup.reg file to restore settings and customizations in the registry.For example, some companies use Citrix Receiver to enable secure connections between one of their servers and your computer. The Receiver Clean-Up Utility creates a backup of all Citrix registry keys in the file ReceiverLogs RegBackup.reg before running any clean-up and deletion process. Deploy Citrix Receiver for Windows from a Web Interface logon screen. Deploy Citrix Receiver for Windows from Receiver for Web. Deploy using Active Directory and sample startup scripts. Install and uninstall Citrix Receiver for Windows manually Configure and install using command-line parameters. In the Apps & features list locate Citrix Receiver or Citrix Workspace and click on it. Any ideas where this version of Citrix Receiver is lurking, and how I can uninstall it? BTW, this all may have started after a Windows update. Click on Settings (gear icon) Click Apps. It doesn't appear in my list of programs, or in the uninstall program in the control panel. You can uninstall Receiver manually by opening the CitrixReceiver.dmg file, selecting Uninstall Citrix Receiver, and following the on-screen instructions. InstallShield must be used to remove the client if an EXE file was used for installation – this was typical for Citrix ICA Client versions 6.x through 8.x. The process for uninstalling the currently installed Citrix ICA client depends on the installation file type used to install the client. And optimization with multiple factors is always a balancing act - you can only truly optimize one thing at a time, and our goal in this game is to make sure that the "longest road" (the longest distance any one car will have to make to reach a corresponding destination) is as short as possible. Build a traffic network, one road at a time, to create a bustling metropolis. Keep in mind that this does NOT apply in every situation - The more houses you have, the more competing goals you will have in the name of optimization. Mini Motorways is a strategy simulation game about designing the road map for a growing city. Firstly, your cars will drive shorter distances on average, and you will also end up using fewer tiles for longer distances, rather than stairstepping everything. This is one of the easiest ways to step up your game, and the benefits are twofold. It might be tempting to just draw a road to the left, like this:īut the more optimal way would be diagonally, which shaves off a fraction of a second for any car pulling in: Optimizing Road TilesPretend I have to connect this light blue store to some houses that are coming in from the south. Some stores that appear may have two buildings in them (keep in mind, you can direct traffic THROUGH these! can come in handy, but don't divert a huge amount of traffic through them or the cars can't service them!).įurthermore, if you're coming from Mini Metro, you might distress when a few houses are formed way out toward the edge of your map - this is okay! Houses are just "car generation resources" and can't cause you to lose - it just means you might need shorter roads to the other houses of that color and their destinations to pick up the slack. You'll notice that, save for challenge criteria, some "square" buildings might be upgraded to "circles". Buy Mini Motorways PC Official Stores:9.99Best deal Keyshops:12.54 Includes 2 items Packs. Build a traffic network, one road at a time, to create a. It should be noted that there are several different types of buildings, each with a different "pin generation rate", so to speak. Mini Motorways is a strategy simulation game about designing the road map for a growing city. If you let that timer build all the way up, it's game over! Monetisation: Included with Apple Arcade subscription, or 7.19 on Steam, 11.99 Switch. If too many build up in a particular building, a timer begins, accompanied with a "ticking" sound. Platform: iOS (Apple Arcade), PC and Switch. Pins are located at "destinations" (stores and other buildings). Mini Motorways is using a lot of battery and/or my phone is running hot. It will be released on Steam for Windows and macOS on the 20th of July 2021, and coming to Nintendo Switch in Q1 2022. In Steam, open the Mini Motorways properties window (right click the game in your Steam library) Click Local Files Click Verify integrity of game files However, if your antivirus tool hasn’t removed the file from quarantine then it will likely remove the file when you start playing again and crash the game. They are happy when they can travel to a pin and go home. Mini Motorways can be played on iPhone, iPad, Apple TV, MacBook or iMac through Apple Arcade. 1 The flyleaf credits it to ‘Translate-a-Book’ in Oxford, and ‘Translate-a-Book’ has done an uneven job, as if several translators were assigned different sections to do, and no one checked the whole manuscript for consistency. The one flaw is the translation into English from the Italian original. The text is sound and the photography superb. The Greek Cities of Magna Graecia and Sicily meets a real need. Part of the reason is the lack of an accessible, good up-to-date book that surveys the cities of the western Greeks and summarizes current archaeological research in the region. Syracuse impinges on the curriculum because it defeated Athens in the Peloponnesian War and Dionysios the Elder is usually mentioned, but the cities of Magna Graecia are passed over swiftly if they are touched on at all. It is amazing to historians and geographers that Magna Graecia, once a center of immense wealth and culture geographically, was concentrated in what today many consider to be the poorest and most backward areas of Italy.The Greek cities in southern Italy and Sicily tend to get short shrift in survey courses of classical history. The chief city colonies of Magna Graecia (and their home city) were Tarentum (colonized by Spartans) Heraclea (by people from Tarentum) Metapontum (settled by Achaeans) Sybaris (Achaean immigrants) and then known as Thurii (settled by Athenians who replaced earlier colonists from Sybaris) Paestum, or Posidonia (settled by people from Sybaris) Laos (also settled by people from Sybaris) Siris (migrants from Colophon) Caulonia (people from Crotona) Epizephyrian Locris (settlers from Locris) Hipponium (migrants from Epizephyrian Locris) Cumae (people from Chalcis) Rhegium (now Reggio de Calabria, settled by people from Chalcis) Neapolis (now Naples, earliest people came from Cumae) and Elea (migrants came from Phocaea in Ionia). And it was through contacts and trade with Magna Graecia that the Etruscans and the Romans first came into early contact with Greek civilization, especially its pottery and the practice of minting coins. Culturally, Magna Graecia also was the center of two philosophical groups in the 6th century B.C.E., Parmenides, who was at Elea, and Pythagoras (originally from Samos), who resided at Croton. Unlike Greek Sicily, Magna Graecia on the Italian peninsula began to decline by 500 B.C.E., probably because of malaria and endless warfare among the colonies, but certainly with the onslaught and emergence of the Roman Empire. This process dispersed Greek culture and arts throughout the central and western Mediterranean. In the 7th, 8th, and 9th centuries B.C.E., Sicily and the southern part of the Italian peninsula (today the poorest areas in ITALY) were colonized by Greeks, and it is claimed that the area boasted more Greeks and Greek temples than homeland Greece itself. Because these colonies remained closely linked to their home cities in Greece proper, they together were known as Magna Graecia.ĭespite the existence of earlier trading colonies established by the Phoenicians, Greek mythology and folklore eventually asserted the greatest influence on Sicily. These new colonies were concentrated south from the Bay of Naples to the Gulf of Taranto and along the southern and eastern coasts of Sicily in the MEDITERRANEAN SEA. Competing city-states such as Sparta, Corinth, and Athens began to found new cities (colonies) that, in turn, became centers of an economically thriving and internally competitive expansion of Greek culture. It was a process that began in the 7th century B.C.E., largely because of overpopulation. MAGNA GRAECIA (or “Greater GREECE”) was the geographic expression of Greek colonization originating from many different Greek cities. We look forward to players checking out the final version in the future.įar Cry 6 is a ridiculous game, but I didn’t know it was “you can take a quest from actor Danny Trejo and he’ll listen to you gush about Spy Kids” ridiculous.
Also, Apple doesn't sell these color Magic Keyboards separately - you can only get one if you buy a 24" iMac. However, it's important to note that Touch ID on these specific Magic Keyboards will only work on a device that has Apple's M1 (or more recent M2 chipset). Thankfully, Apple rectified the decision with the release of a Magic Keyboard with a numeric keypad in mid-2017, but youll need to pay 129 (an extra 30) to. These are the first (and only) Magic Keyboards that are available in colors like blue, green, red, orange and yellow. There's even a Magic Keyboard that's specifically designed for the 10.9" iPad Air and 11" iPad Pro, as well one for the 12.9" iPad Pro.Īpple introduced the first Magic Keyboard with Touch ID when in also introduced the redesigned iMacs with the new M1 chipsets in 2021. But Apple has also integrated the latest Magic Keyboards with other features, such as Touch ID, and they come in different colorways now, too. The most notable change is that, as of mid-2020, Apple replaced the Magic Keyboard's low-travel butterfly switches - which were widely criticized because they were so error-prone - with the current Magic Keyboard with click-ier scissor switches. Of course, the Magic Keyboard that was released in 2015 isn't the same Magic Keyboard of today. The silver Apple Magic Wireless Keyboard with Numeric Keypad features an extended layout with document navigation and full-size arrow keys. The keyboard has the same layout, same switches and keys - it's the same experience. Magic Keyboard with Numeric Keypad Lightning to USB Cable Size and Weight Height: 0.160.43 inch (0.411.09 cm) Width: 16.48 inches (41.87 cm) Depth: 4.52 inches (11.49 cm) Weight: 0.86 pound (0. Apple Magic Keyboard 2 with Numeric Keypad UK A1843 + Magic Mouse 2 A1657 White eBay UK Layout Apple Magic Keyboard 2 Touch ID A2449 & Magic Mouse 2 A1657 - Silver Apple Magic Keyboard 2 with Numeric Keypad UK A1843 + Magic Mouse 2 A1657 White Condition: Used Both in good condition with only some signs of wear on the bottom. Note: This keyboard does not have a finger scan!ĭo you want to know the difference between different keyboards.The beauty of the Magic Keyboard is that it's the exact same keyboard that's integrated into the latest MacBook Air and MacBook Pro, and Apple includes it when you purchase an iMac, Mac mini, Mac Studio or Mac Pro. Works with Mac Computers with Apple Silicon US English - Black Keys Visit the Apple Store 2,101 ratings 47 answered questions -5 18999 List Price: 199.00 FREE Returns Extra Savings '90 days FREE music unlimited. The keyboard is 1.09 cm high, 41.89 cm wide, 11.49 cm deep and weighs 390 grams. Apple Magic Keyboard with Touch ID and Numeric Keypad: Wireless, Bluetooth, Rechargeable. And the built-in, rechargeable battery is incredibly long-lasting, powering your keyboard for about a month or more between charges. The numeric keypad is also great for spreadsheets and finance applications. Apples Magic Keyboard with Numeric Keypad features an extended layout, with document navigation controls for quick scrolling and full-size arrow keys for. A scissor mechanism beneath each key allows for increased stability, while optimized key travel and a low profile provide a comfortable and precise typing experience. The keyboard is easy to connect via Bluetooth or once through the supplied cable. The keyboard goes perfectly with Apple's Space Grey line-up, everything on your desk has the same style! The Apple Magic keyboard has a range of 10 metres, so you don't always have to be close to your Mac. Apple presents a version of the Magic Keyboard with a numeric ke ypad and in English with an extended. This Apple Magic Keyboard is completely wireless, there are no cables to worry about. Wireless keyboard with numeric keypad & navigation keys. Magic Keyboard with Numeric Keypad - Apple Support Select version: Table of Contents Magic Keyboard with Numeric Keypad The wireless Magic Keyboard with Numeric Keypad provides shortcuts for common functions, such as increasing the volume or screen brightness. POS solutions for restaurants and storesĪpple Magic Keyboard with Numeric Keypad QWERTY space grey.iPad 10.2" 2019 / 2020 / 2021 accessories Magic Keyboard with Numeric Keypad features an extended layout, with document navigation controls for quick scrolling and full size arrow keys for gaming A scissor mechanism beneath each key allows for increased stability, while optimized key travel and a low profile provide a comfortable and precise typing experience. In a statement to the AP, the EPA defended its oversight of offshore fracking, saying its system ensures the practice does not pollute the environment in a way that would endanger human health. The EPA and the federal agency that oversees offshore drilling, the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement or BSEE, conduct some routine inspections during fracking projects, but any spills or leaks are largely left to the oil companies to report. "This is a significant data gap, and we need to know what the impacts are before offshore fracking becomes widespread," said Samantha Joye, a marine scientist at the University of Georgia who studies the effects of oil spills in the ocean environment. Research regarding traditional offshore oil exploration has found that drilling fluids can cause reproductive harm to some marine creatures. Marine scientists, petroleum engineers and regulatory officials interviewed by the AP could point to no studies that have been performed on the effects of fracking fluids on the marine environment. Some of these chemicals are toxins to fish larvae and crustaceans, bottom dwellers most at risk from drilling activities, according to government health disclosure documents detailing some of the fluids used off California's shore. Environmental Protection Agency, according to the internal emails reviewed by the AP.įracking fluids can comprise hundreds of chemicals - some known and others that aren't since they are protected as trade secrets. That exemption was affirmed this year by the U.S. The disaster prompted a moratorium on new drill leases and inspired federal clean water laws and the modern environmental movement.Ĭompanies are doing the offshore fracking - which involves pumping hundreds of thousands of gallons of salt water, sand and chemicals into undersea shale and sand formations - to stimulate old existing wells into new oil production.įederal regulators thus far have exempted the chemical fluids used in offshore fracking from the nation's clean water laws, allowing companies to release fracking fluid into the sea without filing a separate environmental impact report or statement looking at the possible effects. The targets are the vast oil fields in the Santa Barbara Channel, site of a 1969 spill that spewed more than 3 million gallons of crude oil into the ocean, spoiled miles of beaches and killed thousands of birds and other wildlife. Hundreds of pages of federal documents released by the government to The Associated Press and advocacy groups through the Freedom of Information Act show regulators have permitted fracking in the Pacific Ocean at least 12 times since the late 1990s, and have recently approved a new project. While debate has raged over fracking on land, prompting efforts to ban or severely restrict it, offshore fracking has occurred with little attention in sensitive coastal waters where for decades new oil leases have been prohibited. SAN FRANCISCO - Companies prospecting for oil off California's coast have used hydraulic fracturing on at least a dozen occasions to force open cracks beneath the seabed, and now regulators are investigating whether the practice should require a separate permit and be subject to stricter environmental review. |
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